Ketoacidosis

Ketoacidosis is a serious metabolic condition that can occur when there is insufficient insulin activity in the body. Here’s a simplified explanation:

1. Insufficient Insulin: When the body doesn't have enough insulin, it cannot effectively use glucose for energy.

2. Breakdown of Fat: To compensate, the body begins to break down fat for energy.

3. Production of Ketone Bodies: This fat breakdown leads to the production of ketone bodies (such as acetone and acetoacetic acid), which are acidic.

4. Blood Acidity: The accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood lowers the pH, causing acidosis (an acidic condition).

5. Frequency in Type I Diabetes: Ketoacidosis is more common in patients with Type I diabetes than those with Type II diabetes due to the lack of insulin production.

6. Excretion of Ketoacids: When ketoacids are excreted in the urine, they are accompanied by sodium (Na+), which prevents the exchange of protons (H+) for sodium. This leads to an increase in proton concentration, further contributing to acidosis.

In summary:

• Lack of insulin → Fat breakdown → Excess ketone bodies → Lower blood pH (acidosis)