এক পলকে Narration

English grammer নিয়ে কম -বেশি ভয় ভিতি প্রত্যেক ছাত্রের মধ্যেই থাকে।তার উপর শিক্ষকগন বিশাল সাইজের গ্রামার বই  কিংবা রুলস চাপিয়ে ছাত্র -ছাত্রীদের মনোবল নষ্ট করে দেন।আজ আমরা খুব ছোট পরিসরে Narration নিয়ে আলোচনা করবো।চলো শুরু করা যাক।

           Narration/Speech(উক্তি)

➤ Narration ২ প্রকার-

(i) Direct narration (ii) Indirect narration

He said,  ”I am working.” He said that he was working.

☆ Two concepts

→   Reporting verb →   Reported speech

He said, " I am ill". He said,  "I am ill.”

➤  Rules for changing narration/speech

➤  Changing persons

(a)  1st person (subject of reported speech- I,we,my) →1st word(subject of reporting verb)

He says, "I am a student."

=He says that he is a student.

(b) 2nd person (you) → 2nd (object)

kamal said to me, "You can go there."

=kamal said to me that I could go there.

(c) 3rd person→no change

I said to you," He will come."

=I said to you that he would come.

(d) We  remains unchanged if-

  We দ্বারা মানবজাতি বুঝায় অথবা যদি বক্তা ও শ্রোতা উভয়কেই বুঝায়

Teacher said,  " We are mortal."

=Teacher said that we are mortal.

He said to me, "We must meet our teacher."

=He said to me that we had to meet our teacher.

☞ Changing tense

(a) No change of tense when

(i) Reporting verb is in present or future tense

He says, "I can do it."

=He says that he can do it.

He will say, "I did not go there."

=He will say that he did not go there.

(ii) Universal truth(চিরন্তন সত্য) বা habitual fact(অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) বুঝালে 

Teacher said," The earth moves round the sun."

=Teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

The man said," Necessity knows no law."

=The man said that necessity knows no law. 

(b) Reporting v.  past হলে→ Corresponding past tense

present indefinite→ past indefinite

Present continuous→ Past continuous

present perfect→ Past perfect

Present perfect continuous→ Past perfect Continuous

Past indefinite→ Past perfect

Past continuous→ Past perfect continuous

Past perfect→no change

Past perfect continuous→no change

He said, " I was cleaning the floor."

=He said that he had been cleaning the floor.

(c) Must→ had to (চিরন্তন বাধ্যতা ছাড়া )

karim said," I must go there."

=karim said that he had to go there.

Teacher said," Students must obey their teachers.

=Teacher said that students must obey their teachers.

(d) কিছু শব্দ indirect speech এ নিম্নরুপে পরিবর্তিত হয়- 

now→ then today→ that day

this day→ that day this→ that

tonight→ that night these→ those

tomorrow→ the next day ago→ before

Yesterday→ the previous day hence→ thence

thus→ so last night→ the previous night

next day→ the following day come→ go

He said, "I will leave tomorrow."

= He said that he would leave the next day.

(i) Assertive→

 Said to এর পরিবর্তে told বসে।

(" ") এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।

যেমন: shuman said to korim,"I go home."

ind:Shuman told korim that he(S) went home.

(ii) Interrogative→

Said to এর পরিবর্তে asked বসে।

(" ") এর পরিবর্তে if/whether বসে।কিন্ত যদি WH থাকে তবে সেটাই বসে যায়।

যেমন:

       He said, " What do you want ?"

=He asked what I wanted.

Не said to me, "Can you play ?"

=He asked me if I could play.

(iii) Imperative

Said to এর পরিবর্তে-

>আদেশ বুঝালে→ order/ordered

>উপদেশ বুঝালে⇨→ advise/advised

>অনুরোধ বুঝালে⇨→ request/requested

>নিষেধ বুঝালে→ prohibite/prohibited

উপরের কোনটিই না বুঝালে→⇨tell/told

           (" ") এর পরিবর্তে  to বসে।

যেমন: He said to the boy,"Do it."

  Ind:He ordered the boy to do it.

      যদি Let থাকে তবে-

        ☞ Let  এর ব্যবহার

     (i) Let + us থাকলে

>Sub + proposed + obj (যদি থাকে) + gerund (v+ing) + extensions

Teacher said to me" Let's solve the problem?

=Teacher proposed me solving the problem.

(1) Let + অন্য object (him,her,me,karim) থাকলে

>subj. + told + obj ( যদি থাকে) +that+Subject(reported speech) + might +  মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত

kamal said to me,"Let him clean the room."

=kamal told me that he might clean the room.

(iv) Optative→

Said to এর পরিবর্তে prayed or wished বসে।

(" ") এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।

যেমন: He said to me,"May Allah bless you."

 Ind:He prayed that Allah might  bless me.

dir:The old man said,"Could I get some money."

ind:The old man wished that he might/could get some money. 

(v) Exclamatory→ 

Said to এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed with + joy(আনন্দ)/ Sorrow(দুঃখ) বসে।

        (" ") এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।

যেমন:He said,"Alas! I am undone."

 ind:He exclaimed wite sorrow that he was undone.

→ some other changes (অন্যান্য কিছু পরিবর্তন)  

Thank you→⇨ thanked

Good-bye →bade

Good+ (morning,evening,night) →wished

He said to me," Thank you."

=He thanked me.

He said," Good-bye."

=He bade good bye.

☞ সম্বোধন করা হলে 

> Addressing + obj + as+  সম্বোধন করা  word টি + direct speech এর indirect speech

Biva said to the lady," Sister, help me please."

= Addressing the lady as sister Biva requested her to help her.

   ➤ Rules of passage narration

  ☞  পুরো passage টি ভালভাবে পড়ে suject(বক্তা) ও object(শ্রোতা) এবং পুরো 

         বিষয়টি বুঝতে হবে।

☞ Reporting verb বাক্যের, মাঝে বা শেষে যেখানেই থাকুক indirect speech এ শুরুতে                         থাকবে।

"I am a student", said the boy.

= The boy said that he was a student.

☞ একই বক্তার পরপর একাধিক উক্তি থাকলে - also said,again said,further said,added লিখতে হবে।

☞ Sentence এ reporting verb না থাকলে

> Subject→The speaker

> Object  →The person spoken to 

☞ প্রশ্নের উত্তরের ক্ষেত্রে replied in the + affirmative(yes) / negative(no)

☞ by Allah, by God, by Jove, by + any object থাকলে swearing by + Allah, God লিখতে হবে।

☞ Reported speech এ শুধু phrase থাকলে indirect এ পুরো বাক্য হিসেবে লিখতে হবে।

The rickshaw puller  said," Fifty taka."

= The rickshaw puller said that it was fifty taka. 

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