ধাপ-১: প্রথমে ২ টি বাক্যে আমরা গ্রাফ বা চার্ট এর বিষয়ে নিচের Structure এ সংক্ষেপে লিখবঃ The Graph (is about/ shows) (প্রশ্ন থেকে বিষয়বস্তু)...... In general, the graph shows (a gradual improvement/ a gradual decrease/ the percentage/the number/ etc) of উপরের প্রশ্নে বলা হয়েছে, The graph below shows the results of SSC exam of ABC Secondary School from 2008 to 2012. এখানে লাল লেখাটি হচ্ছে গ্রাফ এর বিষয়বস্তু এবং আমরা গ্রাফে দেখি যে ক্রমাগত এসএসসি পরীক্ষার্থীদের পাশের হার বৃদ্ধি পাচ্ছে। এটিকে আমরা ক্রমাগত উন্নতি বা (gradual improvement) বলতে পারি। ধাপ-২: এর পর আমরা গ্রাফের তথ্যগুলো নিচের ধারাবাহিক বর্ণনা করবঃ 2008 সালের কলামে আমরা দেখি পাশের হার 60% ছিল এবং 2012 সালে বৃদ্ধি পেয়ে তা 92% হল। তাই এভাবে লিখতে পারিঃ It is seen from the graph that the pass rate increased from 60% in 2008 to 92% in 2012 (in 4 years) একইভাবে GPA 5 এর সংখ্যাও বৃদ্ধি পেয়েছে, শুধুমাত্র 2011 ছাড়া। তাই এভাবে বর্ণনা করতে পারিঃ The graph also shows an increase of candidates who passed with a GPA 5 except in 2011 এরপর অন্...

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What is BIOTECHNOLOGY? Biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. It is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogs for products and services. Biotechnology in the food processing sector makes use of micro-organisms for the preservation of food and for the production of a range of value-added products such as enzymes, flavor compounds, vitamins, microbial cultures, and food ingredients. Recombinant gene technology, the best-known modern biotechnology, is widely employed in research and development for strain improvement. What are BIOCATALYSTS? Biocatalyst-catalyst of biological origin that initiates or modifies or speeds up biochemical rxn in a living body. ...

Explore The heterogenization of enzymes, which involves immobilizing them onto solid supports or within matrices, is a crucial technique in biocatalysis. This process allows for the enzymes to be reused and can enhance their stability and activity. Here’s a summary of the types of reactors used for immobilized enzymes: Batch Reactors with Complete Backmixing (a): Operate in cycles, adding substrate and removing product intermittently. Provide uniform conditions throughout the reactor. Stirred-Tank Reactor (b): A type of batch reactor that uses a mechanical agitator to mix the reactor contents. Ensures uniformity and can handle reactions with high viscosity. Fixed-Bed Reactor ©: Contains immobilized enzymes on a solid support through which the substrate flows. Suitable for continuous processes and can operate without agitation. Fluidized-Bed Reactor (d–f): The solid catalyst particles are suspended by the upward flow of the substrate. Offers excellent mass transfer and heat distribution...

The methods for the heterogenisation (or localization) of enzymes by coupling them to insoluble supports or  by entrapment. The types of reactors used for immobilized enzymes are summarized in Figure given bellow.  Reactors for immobilized enzymes. (a–c) (a) Batch reactors with complete backmixing;  (b) Stirred-tank reactor;  (c) Fixed-bed reactor;  Fluidized-bed reactor. (d–f) are -Continuously operated reactors  with complete back mixing. (g–h) are the Continuously operated reactors with plug-flow behavior. (I) Reactor with the enzyme immobilized in or on a membrane that may at the same time separate two phases such as water and organic solvent.  (j) reactor with physically separated enzyme and organic solvent in order to prevent denaturation of the protein The principles developed for general heterogeneous catalysis in synthetic chemistry are valid, resulting in well-known reactor configurations. Differences between enzyme catalysis and other system...