Download

What is BIOTECHNOLOGY? Biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. It is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogs for products and services. Biotechnology in the food processing sector makes use of micro-organisms for the preservation of food and for the production of a range of value-added products such as enzymes, flavor compounds, vitamins, microbial cultures, and food ingredients. Recombinant gene technology, the best-known modern biotechnology, is widely employed in research and development for strain improvement. What are BIOCATALYSTS? Biocatalyst-catalyst of biological origin that initiates or modifies or speeds up biochemical rxn in a living body.

Explore The heterogenization of enzymes, which involves immobilizing them onto solid supports or within matrices, is a crucial technique in biocatalysis. This process allows for the enzymes to be reused and can enhance their stability and activity. Here’s a summary of the types of reactors used for immobilized enzymes: Batch Reactors with Complete Backmixing (a): Operate in cycles, adding substrate and removing product intermittently. Provide uniform conditions throughout the reactor. Stirred-Tank Reactor (b): A type of batch reactor that uses a mechanical agitator to mix the reactor contents. Ensures uniformity and can handle reactions with high viscosity. Fixed-Bed Reactor ©: Contains immobilized enzymes on a solid support through which the substrate flows. Suitable for continuous processes and can operate without agitation. Fluidized-Bed Reactor (d–f): The solid catalyst particles are suspended by the upward flow of the substrate. Offers excellent mass transfer and heat distribution

The methods for the heterogenisation (or localization) of enzymes by coupling them to insoluble supports or  by entrapment. The types of reactors used for immobilized enzymes are summarized in Figure given bellow.  Reactors for immobilized enzymes. (a–c) (a) Batch reactors with complete backmixing;  (b) Stirred-tank reactor;  (c) Fixed-bed reactor;  Fluidized-bed reactor. (d–f) are -Continuously operated reactors  with complete back mixing. (g–h) are the Continuously operated reactors with plug-flow behavior. (I) Reactor with the enzyme immobilized in or on a membrane that may at the same time separate two phases such as water and organic solvent.  (j) reactor with physically separated enzyme and organic solvent in order to prevent denaturation of the protein The principles developed for general heterogeneous catalysis in synthetic chemistry are valid, resulting in well-known reactor configurations. Differences between enzyme catalysis and other systems result from the nature of the bi

Immunology Definition “The study of the immune system, the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity and immune responses.” Immunology is a branch of biology involved with the study of the immune system, components of the immune system, its biological processes, the physiological functioning of the immune system, types, its disorders and a lot more. The immune system acts as a body’s defence system by protecting our body cells, tissues and organs from invading infections through various lines of defence. Overall, the immune system functions by recognizing and destroying foreign antigens including harmful microorganisms and other disease-causing microbes. Under certain conditions, when our immune system is weak or stops functioning, this results in various infectious diseases, such as fever and flu,  and may also lead to dreadful diseases like cancer AIDS, etc. Also Read: Immunity Let us have a detailed look at Immunology to learn about the immune system, its differen