এই পোষ্টটি যেকোন ভাষায় অনুবাদ করুন: (1)   If there is an oxygen deficiency in the cell due to any hypoxia, ischemia or external cause, then the electron transport system of the mitochondria inside the cell is damaged.As a result, the cells cannot produce enough ATP.And when the amount of ATP decreases, the adenosyntriphosphates ion pumps in the cell that control cell volume and electrolyte balance shut down.As a result, the effective power of the cell decreases and at some point it causes tissue necrosis. (2) If there is multiple injury somewhere in the body, the amount of ROS increases there. ROS destroys lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, resulting in cell injury. (3) Various stresses, infections, and mutations in cells cause protein misfolding. As a result, ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum cannot synthesize proteins.Then the cell is injured and if this condition continues, the cell is destroye

  Solution: n A solution is a mixture of two or more components that form a single phase & is homogenous down to the molecular level. n Pharmaceutical solutions are liquid preparation that contains one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in liquid solvents.  Advantages of Liquid Dosage Forms:   1.Easy to swallow: Solutions are easier to swallow than solids & are therefore particularly acceptable for pediatric (child) & geriatric (old) use. 2. Rapid absorption: The drug must be in solution before it can absorb. Solutions are absorbed rapidly as it does not require to go into further solution. 3. Rapid onset of action: Therapeutic response is faster of a solution than solids for rapid absorption specially for external purposes. 4. Dose uniformity: As solution is a homogenous mixture & therefore the drug will be uniformly distributed throughout the preparation & accurate dose can be obtained from it. 5. Reduction of irritation by drug: Gastric irr